筆譯員測(cè)試稿英中中英

The use of an architectural style cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterizes a particular movement. But the origins of what are now generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries. Instead of using timber, stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into slums.

Unless otherwise determined by the company in a general meeting or a resolution by written means, any original shares for the time being unissued and not allotted and any new shares from time to be created shall, before they are issued, be offered to the Member in proportion as nearly as possible, to the number of shares held by them. The offer shall be made by notice specifying the number of shares offered, and time limit within which the offer, if not accepted, will be deemed to be declined, and after the expiration of such time or on the receipt of an intimation from the person to whom the offer is made that the declines to accept the shares offered, the Directors may, subject to these Articles, dispose of the same in such manner as they think most beneficial to the Company. The Directors may, in like manner dispose of any such new or original shares as stated above, which, by reason of the proportion borne by them to the number of persons entitled to such offer as stated above or by reason of any other difficulty in apportioning the same, cannot in the opinion of the Directors, be conveniently offered under this Article.

一、“縫一個(gè)購(gòu)物袋給媽媽”，在市內(nèi)各小學(xué)校開啟此項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，讓孩子們親自給媽媽縫制購(gòu)物袋，鼓勵(lì)家長(zhǎng)使用。孩子們的親手操作可以讓全家人參與，從娃娃開始推廣環(huán)保概念，并以這種親子行為帶動(dòng)起成年人的環(huán)保理念。

二、“誰(shuí)有最炫購(gòu)物袋”，可由商場(chǎng)協(xié)作，銷售空白紙制購(gòu)物袋，讓各個(gè)年齡的孩子（也可以是成年人）在上面作畫，并將照片在商場(chǎng)等公開場(chǎng)所展出。此活動(dòng)參與性與趣味性皆具備，也可延展成為一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)意比賽，喚起大眾的環(huán)保意識(shí)。

三、“百變購(gòu)物袋”，針對(duì)現(xiàn)在購(gòu)物袋較為簡(jiǎn)陋的設(shè)計(jì)，向中學(xué)以上的學(xué)生推出這項(xiàng)比賽，增加購(gòu)物袋的使用功能，讓它的設(shè)計(jì)更為方便與合理，以提升對(duì)人們對(duì)購(gòu)物袋的使用興趣。

以上三項(xiàng)活動(dòng)可根據(jù)年齡層次設(shè)立不同比賽規(guī)則與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制，同時(shí)，作為此類活動(dòng)的后續(xù)，可在各媒體聯(lián)合發(fā)起“你在與孩子一同環(huán)保嗎？”活動(dòng)，在街頭尋找使用自己孩子制作或繪畫的環(huán)保袋的人士，對(duì)其進(jìn)行宣傳，掀起全家共同環(huán)保的熱潮，擴(kuò)大社會(huì)影響面。

自然因子與人類活動(dòng)是氣候變化的兩大影響因素。多年來(lái)世界氣象組織相繼發(fā)表的相關(guān)報(bào)告指出，人類對(duì)全球氣候變暖的貢獻(xiàn)已經(jīng)獲得越來(lái)越充分和肯定的證據(jù)。大范圍的森林砍伐、草原荒漠化等對(duì)氣候變暖的影響非常顯著。城市的尺度盡管要小得多，但由于其承載大量的人類活動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生和排放出數(shù)量巨大的溫室氣體。因此，針對(duì)不同尺度、從不同的視角研究人類對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，同樣具有重要意義。

上世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái)我國(guó)各大城市都擴(kuò)大了6倍以上[1]，戴昌達(dá)等[2]使用Landsat/TM圖象研究了1984～1992年北京的城市擴(kuò)展變化。人類的城市活動(dòng)改變了局部氣候，使得生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化。19世紀(jì)初期氣候?qū)W家發(fā)現(xiàn)了城市熱島（Urban Heat Island，UHI）現(xiàn)象[3]。UHI與城市的規(guī)模密切相關(guān)，是城市氣候的主要特征之一，是城市化對(duì)氣候影響的最典型的表現(xiàn)，是由下墊面狀況、城市人口密度、地理位置、氣候等多種因素綜合作用的結(jié)果。